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Autophagy and mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes

Lookup NU author(s): Dr Marina Garcia Macia, Professor Rajat Singh

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Abstract

© 2017 Bentham Science Publishers. Introduction: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are growing health problems worldwide. The three principal diabetogenic factors are adiposity, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, and decreased insulin production by pancreatic β cells. During recent years, macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) — sequestration and lysosomal degradation of cellular components — has emerged as an important player in these processes, playing a protective role against development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Of particular importance is the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy, a form of macroautophagy selective for mitochondria. Both muscle insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction largely depend on metabolic overload of mitochondria, which results in incomplete β-oxidation, oxidative stress, accumulation of toxic lipid intermediates, and mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy eliminates this vicious cycle of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, and thus counteracts pathogenic processes. Autophagy also mediates exercise-induced increases in muscle glucose uptake and protects β cells against ER stress in diabetogenic conditions. On the other hand, adipose tissue autophagy promotes adipocyte differentiation, possibly through its role in mitochondrial clearance. Being involved in many aspects, autophagy appears to be an attractive target for therapeutic interventions against obesity and diabetes. Conclusion: Here we explore the connections of autophagy with mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes, and discuss its roles in diabetic complications. Understanding how autophagy protects against diabetes could help design new strategies against this growing epidemic.


Publication metadata

Author(s): Sarparanta J, Garcia-Macia M, Singh R

Publication type: Review

Publication status: Published

Journal: Current Diabetes Reviews

Year: 2017

Volume: 13

Issue: 4

Pages: 352-369

Print publication date: 01/08/2017

Acceptance date: 02/04/2016

ISSN (print): 1573-3998

ISSN (electronic): 1875-6417

Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers B.V.

URL: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160217122530

DOI: 10.2174/1573399812666160217122530


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