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Lookup NU author(s): Abrar Babateen, Gianfranco Fornelli, Professor Lorenzo Donini, Professor John Mathers, Dr Mario Siervo
This is the authors' accepted manuscript of an article that has been published in its final definitive form by Oxford University Press, 2018.
For re-use rights please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions.
Background: The nitrate content of foods and water is highly variable, which has implications for the compilation of food-composition databases and assessment of dietary nitrate intake. Objective: A systematic review was conducted to ascertain the dietary assessment methods used and to provide estimates of daily nitrate intake in humans. Design: Relevant articles were identified by a systematic search of 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) from inception until February 2018. Observational studies conducted in adult populations and reporting information on dietary assessment methods and daily nitrate intake were included. Ecological analyses were conducted to explore the association of nitrate intake with indexes of economic development [Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and KOF Index of Globalization]. Results: A total of 55 articles were included. Forty-two studies investigated associations between nitrate intake and disease risk; 36 (87%) of these studies examined the association between nitrate intake and cancer risk, whereas only 6 studies explored the association of nitrate intake with the risk of diabetes, glaucoma, kidney failure, hypertension, and atherosclerotic vascular disease. The majority of studies used food-frequency questionnaires to assess nitrate intake (n = 43). The median daily nitrate intakes in healthy and patient populations were 108 and 110 mg/d, respectively. We found a significant inverse correlation of nitrate intake with GDP (r = -0.46, P < 0.001) and KOF index (r = -0.31, P = 0.002). Conclusions: The median estimated daily nitrate intakes by healthy and patient populations were similar, and these values were below the safe upper intake of daily intake (3.7 mg nitrate ion/kg body weight). However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the application of food-composition tables, which may have implications for the accuracy of estimated daily nitrate intake. The association between nitrate intake and risk of cardiometabolic diseases needs further investigation. The protocol for this systematic review has been registered in the PROSPERO database (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero; CRD number: 42017060354).
Author(s): Babateen AM, Fornelli G, Donini LM, Mathers JC, Siervo M
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Year: 2018
Volume: 108
Issue: 4
Pages: 878-888
Print publication date: 01/10/2018
Online publication date: 12/10/2018
Acceptance date: 27/04/2018
Date deposited: 19/02/2021
ISSN (print): 0002-9165
ISSN (electronic): 1938-3207
Publisher: Oxford University Press
URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy108
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy108
PubMed id: 30321271
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