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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Mohammad RajaeifarORCiD, Professor Oliver Heidrich
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Among existing and emerging technologies to recycle spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles, pyrometallurgical processes are commercially used. However, very little is known about their environmental and energy impacts. In this study, three pyrometallurgical technologies are analyzed and compared in terms of global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED), namely: an emerging direct current (DC) plasma smelting technology (Sc-1), the same DC plasma technology but with an additional pre-treatment stage (Sc-2), and a more commercially mature ultra-high temperature (UHT) furnace (Sc-3). The net impacts for the recovered metals are calculated using both “open-loop” and “closed-loop” recycling options. Results reveal that shifting from the UHT furnace technology (Sc-3) to the DC plasma technology could reduce the GWP of the recycling process by up to a factor of 5 (when employing pre-treatment, as is the case with Sc-2). Results also vary across factors, for example, different metal recovery rates, carbon/energy intensity of the electricity grid (in Sc-1 and Sc-2), rates of aluminum recovery (in Sc-2), and sources of coke (in Sc-3). However, the sensitivity analysis showed that these factors do not change the best option which was determined before (as Sc-2) except in a few cases for CED. Overall, the research methodology and application presented by this life cycle assessment informs future energy and environmental impact assessment studies that want to assess existing recycling processes of LIB or other emerging technologies
Author(s): Rajaeifar MA, Raugei M, Steubing B, Hartwell A, Anderson PA, Heidrich O
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Journal of Industrial Ecology
Year: 2021
Volume: 25
Issue: 6
Pages: 1560-1571
Print publication date: 01/12/2021
Online publication date: 19/06/2021
Acceptance date: 20/04/2021
Date deposited: 05/08/2021
ISSN (print): 1088-1980
ISSN (electronic): 1530-9290
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13157
DOI: 10.1111/jiec.13157
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