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Synthetic Material for Bone, Periodontal, and Dental Tissue Regeneration: Where Are We Now, and Where Are We Heading Next?

Lookup NU author(s): Dr Nisreen Al-NamnamORCiD, Ghee Seong Lim

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

Alloplasts are synthetic, inorganic, biocompatible bone substitutes that function as defect fillers to repair skeletal defects. The acceptance of these substitutes by host tissues is determined by the pore diameter and the porosity and inter-connectivity. This narrative review appraises recent developments, characterization, and biological performance of different synthetic materials for bone, periodontal, and dental tissue regeneration. They include calcium phosphate cements and their variants β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramics and biphasic calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-TCP ceramics), calcium sulfate, bioactive glasses and polymer-based bone substitutes which include variants of polycaprolactone. In summary, the search for synthetic bone substitutes remains elusive with calcium compounds providing the best synthetic substitute. The combination of calcium sulphate and β-TCP provides improved handling of the materials, dispensing with the need for a traditional membrane in guided bone regeneration. Evidence is supportive of improved angiogenesis at the recipient sites. One such product, (EthOss® Regeneration, Silesden UK) has won numerous awards internationally as a commercial success. Bioglasses and polymers, which have been used as medical devices, are still in the experimental stage for dental application. Polycaprolactone-TCP, one of the products in this category is currently undergoing further randomized clinical trials as a 3D socket preservation filler. These aforementioned products may have vast potential for substituting human/animal-based bone grafts.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Cheah CW, Al-Namnam NM, Lau MN, Lim GS, Raman R, Fairbairn P, Ngeow WC

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: Materials

Year: 2021

Volume: 14

Issue: 20

Pages: 6123

Online publication date: 15/10/2021

Acceptance date: 11/10/2021

Date deposited: 15/10/2021

ISSN (electronic): 1996-1944

Publisher: MDPI

URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206123

DOI: 10.3390/ma14206123

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