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Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and α-MSH Realms

Lookup NU author(s): Dr Othman AlmusaimiORCiD

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

Peptides continue to gain significance in the pharmaceutical arena. Since the unveiling of insulin in 1921, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorised around 100 peptides for various applications. Peptides, although initially derived from endogenous sources, have evolved beyond their natural origins, exhibiting favourable therapeutic effectiveness. Medicinal chemistry has played a pivotal role in synthesising valuable natural peptide analogues, providing synthetic alternatives with therapeutic potential. Furthermore, key chemical modifications have enhanced the stability of peptides and strengthened their interactions with therapeutic targets. For instance, selective modifications have extended their half-life and lessened the frequency of their administration while maintaining the desired therapeutic action. In this review, I analyse the FDA approval of natural peptides, as well as engineered peptides for diabetes treatment, growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), cholecystokinin (CCK), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptide analogues. Attention will be paid to the structure, mode of action, developmental journey, FDA authorisation, and the adverse effects of these peptides.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Al Musaimi O

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: Biomolecules

Year: 2024

Volume: 14

Issue: 3

Online publication date: 11/02/2024

Acceptance date: 21/02/2024

Date deposited: 27/02/2024

ISSN (electronic): 2218-273X

Publisher: MDPI

URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14030264

DOI: 10.3390/biom14030264

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