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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Rae Duncan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2025. The Author(s). BACKGROUND: Long COVID is a complex, heterogeneous syndrome affecting over four hundred million people globally. There are few recommendations, and no formal training exists for medical professionals to assist with clinical evaluation and management of patients with Long COVID. More research into the pathology, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of Long COVID, and treatments is needed. The goal of this work is to disseminate essential information about Long COVID and recommendations about definition, diagnosis, treatment, research and social issues to physicians, researchers, and policy makers to address this escalating global health crisis. METHODS: A 3-round modified Delphi consensus methodology was distributed internationally to 179 healthcare professionals, researchers, and persons with lived experience of Long COVID in 28 countries. Statements were combined into specific areas: definition, diagnosis, treatment, research, and society. RESULTS: The survey resulted in 187 comprehensive statements reaching consensus with the strongest areas being diagnosis and clinical assessment, and general research. We establish conditions for diagnosis of different subgroups within the Long COVID umbrella. Clear consensus was reached that the impacts of COVID-19 infection on children should be a research priority, and additionally on the need to determine the effects of Long COVID on societies and economies. The consensus on COVID and Long COVID is that it affects the nervous system and other organs and is not likely to be observed with initial symptoms. We note, biomarkers are critically needed to address these issues. CONCLUSIONS: This work forms initial guidance to address the spectrum of Long COVID as a disease and reinforces the need for translational research and large-scale treatment trials for treatment protocols.
Author(s): Ewing AG, Joffe D, Blitshteyn S, Brooks AES, Wist J, Bar-Yam Y, Bilodeau S, Curtin J, Duncan R, Faghy M, Galland L, Pretorius E, Salamon S, Buonsenso D, Hastie C, Kane B, Khan MA, Lal A, Lau D, MacIntyre R, McFarland S, Munblit D, Nicholson J, Ollila HM, Putrino D, Rosario A, Tan T
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
Year: 2025
Volume: 24
Online publication date: 20/04/2025
Acceptance date: 29/03/2025
Date deposited: 13/05/2025
ISSN (electronic): 1476-0711
Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd
URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-025-00793-9
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-025-00793-9
Data Access Statement: No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
PubMed id: 40254579
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