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© The Authors 2025.This paper presents the specification, design, and development of the Visible Camera (VIS) on the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission. VIS is a large optical-band imager with a field of view of 0.54 deg2 sampled at 000 . 1 with an array of 609 Megapixels and a spatial resolution of 000 . 18. It will be used to survey approximately 14 000 deg2 of extragalactic sky to measure the distortion of galaxies in the redshift range z = 0.1–1.5 resulting from weak gravitational lensing, one of the two principal cosmology probes leveraged by Euclid. With photometric redshifts, the distribution of dark matter can be mapped in three dimensions, and the extent to which this has changed with look-back time can be used to constrain the nature of dark energy and theories of gravity. The entire VIS focal plane will be transmitted to provide the largest images of the Universe from space to date, specified to reach mAB ≥ 24.5 with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N ≥ 10 in a single broad IE ≃ (r + i + z) band over a six-year survey. The particularly challenging aspects of the instrument are the control and calibration of observational biases, which lead to stringent performance requirements and calibration regimes. With its combination of spatial resolution, calibration knowledge, depth, and area covering most of the extra-Galactic sky, VIS will also provide a legacy data set for many other fields. This paper discusses the rationale behind the conception of VIS and describes the instrument design and development, before reporting the prelaunch performance derived from ground calibrations and brief results from the in-orbit commissioning. VIS should reach fainter than mAB = 25 with S/N ≥ 10 for galaxies with a full width at half maximum of 000 . 3 in a 100 . 3 diameter aperture over the Wide Survey, and mAB ≥ 26.4 for a Deep Survey that will cover more than 50 deg2. The paper also describes how the instrument works with the Euclid telescope and survey, and with the science data processing, to extract the cosmological information.
Author(s): Cropper MS, Al-Bahlawan A, Amiaux J, Awan S, Azzollini R, Benson K, Berthe M, Boucher J, Bozzo E, Brockley-Blatt C, Candini GP, Cara C, Chaudery RA, Cole RE, Danto P, Denniston J, Di Giorgio AM, Dryer B, Dubois J-P, Endicott J, Farina M, Galli E, Genolet L, Gow JPD, Guttridge P, Hailey M, Hall D, Harper C, Hoekstra H, Holland AD, Horeau B, Hu D, James RE, Khalil A, King R, Kitching T, Kohley R, Larcheveque C, Lawrenson A, Liebing P, Liu SJ, Martignac J, Massey R, McCracken HJ, Miller L, Murray N, Nakajima R, Niemi S-M, Nightingale JW, Paltani S, Pendem A, Philippon A, Plana C, Pool P, Pottinger S, Racca GD, Rhodes J, Rousseau A, Ruane K, Salatti M, Salvignol J-C, Sciortino A, Short A, Skottfelt J, Smit SJA, Swindells I, Szafraniec M, Thomas PD, Thomas W, Tommasi E, Tosti S, Visticot F, Walton DM, Willis G, Winter B, Aghanim N, Altieri B, Amara A, Andreon S, Auricchio N, Aussel H, Baccigalupi C, Baldi M, Balestra A, Bardelli S, Basset A, Bender R, Bernardeau F, Bodendorf C, Boenke T, Bonino D, Branchini E, Brescia M, Brinchmann J, Camera S, Capobianco V, Carbone C, Cardone VF, Carretero J, Casas R, Casas S, Castander FJ, Castellano M, Castignani G, Cavuoti S, Cimatti A, Colodro-Conde C, Congedo G, Conselice CJ, Conversi L, Copin Y, Courbin F, Courtois HM, Crocce M, Cuby J-G, Cuillandre J-C, Da Silva A, Degaudenzi H, De Lucia G, Dinis J, Dolding C, Douspis M, Duncan CAJ, Dupac X, Dusini S, Ealet A, Fabricius M, Farrens S, Ferriol S, Fosalba P, Fotopoulou S, Frailis M, Franceschi E, Franzetti P, Frugier P-A, Fumana M, Galeotta S, Garilli B, George K, Gillard W, Gillis B, Giocoli C, Gomez-Alvarez P, Granett BR, Grazian A, Grupp F, Guzzo L, Haugan SVH, Herent O, Hoar J, Holliman MS, Holmes W, Hook I, Hormuth F, Hornstrup A, Hudelot P, Ilic S, Jahnke K, Jhabvala M, Joachimi B, Keihanen E, Kermiche S, Kiessling A, Kilbinger M, Kubik B, Kuijken K, Kummel M, Kunz M, Kurki-Suonio H, Lahav O, Laureijs R, Ligori S, Lilje PB, Lindholm V, Lloro I, Lorenzo Alvarez J, Mainetti G, Maino D, Maiorano E, Mansutti O, Marcin S, Marggraf O, Markovic K, Martinelli M, Martinet N, Marulli F, Masters DC, Maurogordato S, Medinaceli E, Mei S, Melchior M, Mellier Y, Meneghetti M, Merlin E, Meylan G, Mohr JJ, Moresco M, Moscardini L, Neissner C, Nichol RC, Nutma T, Padilla C, Paech K, Pasian F, Peacock JA, Pedersen K, Percival WJ, Pettorino V, Pires S, Polenta G, Poncet M, Popa LA, Pozzetti L, Raison F, Rebolo R, Refregier A, Renzi A, Riccio G, Rix H-W, Romelli E, Roncarelli M, Rosset C, Rossetti E, Rottgering HJA, Rusholme B, Saglia R, Sakr Z, Sanchez AG, Sapone D, Sauvage M, Scaramella R, Schewtschenko JA, Schirmer M, Schneider P, Schrabback T, Secroun A, Sefusatti E, Seidel G, Seiffert M, Serrano S, Sirignano C, Sirri G, Stanco L, Starck J-L, Steinwagner J, Tallada-Crespi P, Tavagnacco D, Taylor AN, Teplitz HI, Tereno I, Toledo-Moreo R, Torradeflot F, Tutusaus I, Valentijn EA, Valenziano L, Vassallo T, Verdoes Kleijn G, Veropalumbo A, Wachter S, Wang Y, Weller J, Zamorani G, Zoubian J, Zucca E, Biviano A, Bolzonella M, Boucaud A, Burigana C, Calabrese M, Casenove P, Di Ferdinando D, Escartin Vigo JA, Fabbian G, Farinelli R, Finelli F, Gracia-Carpio J, Israel H, Mauri N, Nguyen-Kim HN, Pezzotta A, Pontinen M, Porciani C, Scottez V, Tenti M, Viel M, Wiesmann M, Akrami Y, Allevato V, Anselmi S, Aubourg E, Ballardini M, Bertacca D, Bethermin M, Blanchard A, Blot L, Borgani S, Borlaff AS, Bruton S, Cabanac R, Calabro A, Calderone G, Canas-Herrera G, Cappi A, Carvalho CS, Castro T, Chambers KC, Chary R, Contarini S, Cooray AR, Cordes O, Costanzi M, Cucciati O, Davini S, De Caro B, Desprez G, Diaz-Sanchez A, Di Domizio S, Dole H, Escoffier S, Ferrari AG, Ferreira PG, Ferrero I, Finoguenov A, Fontana A, Fornari F, Gabarra L, Ganga K, Garcia-Bellido J, Gautard V, Gaztanaga E, Giacomini F, Gianotti F, Gozaliasl G, Gregorio A, Hall A, Hartley WG, Hildebrandt H, Hjorth J, Huertas-Company M, Ilbert O, Jimenez Munoz A, Joudaki S, Kajava JJE, Kansal V, Karagiannis D, Kirkpatrick CC, Lacasa F, Le Graet J, Legrand L, Libet G, Loureiro A, Macias-Perez J, Magliocchetti M, Mancini C, Mannucci F, Maoli R, Martins CJAP, Matthew S, Maurin L, McPartland CJR, Metcalf RB, Migliaccio M, Miluzio M, Monaco P, Moretti C, Morgante G, Nadathur S, Walton NA, Odier J, Oguri M, Patrizii L, Popa V, Potter D, Pourtsidou A, Reimberg P, Risso I, Rocci P-F, Rollins RP, Sahlen M, Scarlata C, Schaye J, Schneider A, Schultheis M, Sereno M, Shankar F, Sikkema G, Silvestri A, Simon P, Spurio Mancini A, Stadel J, Stanford SA, Tanidis K, Tao C, Tessore N, Testera G, Tewes M, Teyssier R, Toft S, Tosi S, Troja A, Tucci M, Valieri C, Valiviita J, Vergani D, Vernizzi F, Verza G, Vielzeuf P, Weaver JR, Zalesky L, Zinchenko IA, Archidiacono M, Atrio-Barandela F, Bouvard T, Caro F, Dimauro P, Duc P-A, Fang Y, Ferguson AMN, Gasparetto T, Gutierrez CM, Kovacic I, Kruk S, Le Brun AMC, Liaudat TI, Montoro A, Mora A, Murray C, Pagano L, Paoletti D, Sarpa E, Viitanen A, Lesgourgues J, Martin-Fleitas J, Scott D
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics
Year: 2025
Volume: 697
Pages: 1-33
Online publication date: 30/04/2025
Acceptance date: 19/09/2024
ISSN (print): 0004-6361
ISSN (electronic): 1432-0746
Publisher: EDP Sciences
URL: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450996
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202450996
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