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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Yashvee DunneramORCiD
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© The Author(s) 2025. Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified an error in Table 6 and Table S5. The percentage for the every used oral contraceptives value for the NIH-AARP study has been corrected to 39%. Women-specific characteristics by cohort (n = 1,546,217)1 Cohort Age at menarche ≤ 12 years Parous Age at first birth ≥ 25 years Postmenopausal Age at menopause ≥ 50 years2 Ever used oral contraceptive Ever used HRT Adventist Health Study-2 51.4 83.1 31.7 77.0 64.5 58.8 39.4 CARRS-1 12.2 94.1 - 36.9 19.7 3.5 - CARRS-2 12.9 93.8 - 41.9 23.4 6.9 EPIC-Oxford 39.8 61.0 38.2 40.2 54.8 73.7 18.2 Oxford Vegetarian Study - 47.5 29.4 26.6 - 55.3 - Tzu Chi Health Study 8.6 91.8 - 63.0 54.2 15.7 19.6 UK Women’s Cohort Study 41.6 77.2 44.8 60.9 48.0 66.9 27.2 China Kadoorie Biobank 5.5 98.7 32.5 57.2 43.1 9.8 - Million Women Study 38.8 88.4 36.4 100 56.8 61.3 53.4 NIH-AARP 48.6 83.7 23.5 100 39.6 39.0 52.9 UK Biobank 37.6 81.2 47.1 77.8 63.3 81.1 37.7 33.5 87.3 35.3 84.2 52.1 50.6 37.8 Abbreviations: CARRS, Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. 1Values are % of women within cohort. 2Postmenopausal women only. “-” indicates that no information was available for this variable in the specified cohort. Baseline characteristics of women by cohort1 Total AHS-2 CARRS-1 CARRS-2 EPIC-Oxford OVS TCHS UKWCS CKB MWS NIH-AARP UK Biobank N 1,546,217 42,194 6,372 5,065 41,335 6,480 3,329 30,148 300,909 639,026 215,905 255,454 Living with partner Yes 1,145,967 (74.1) 27,503 (65.2) 5,671 (89.0) 4,332 (85.5) 27,614 (66.8) 3,497 (54.0) 2824 (84.8) 22,282 (73.9) 267,799 (89.0) 511,789 (80.1) 95,749 (44.3) 176,907 (69.3) No 336,711 (21.8) 13,937 (33.0) 701 (11.0) 733 (14.5) 13,649 (33.0) 2,934 (45.3) 504 (15.1) 7,415 (24.6) 33,110 (11.0) 118,337 (18.5) 118,140 (54.7) 27,251 (10.7) Unknown 63,539 (4.1) 754 (1.8) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 72 (0.17) 49 (0.76) 1 (0.00) 451 (1.5) 0 (0.00) 8,900 (1.4) 2,016 (0.93) 51,296 (20.1) Educational status Less than secondary/high school 514,795 (33.3) 3,052 (7.2) 1,568 (24.6) 1,271 (25.1) 5,426 (13.1) 309 (4.8) 1023 (30.7) 4,671 (15.5) 170,715 (56.7) 217,050 (34.0) 67,342 (31.2) 42,368 (16.6) Secondary/high school or equivalent 572,012 (37.0) 18,125 (43.0) 3,859 (60.6) 2,908 (57.4) 16,422 (39.7) 4,573 (70.6) 1636 (49.1) 15,539 (51.5) 116,872 (38.8) 305,150 (47.8) 22,927 (10.6) 64,001 (25.1) University degree or equivalent 430,226 (27.8) 20,431 (48.4) 945 (14.8) 884 (17.5) 16,406 (39.7) 434 (6.7) 670 (20.1) 7,372 (24.5) 13,322 (4.4) 106,496 (16.7) 118,637 (54.9) 144,629 (56.6) Unknown 29,184 (1.9) 586 (1.4) 0 (0.00) 2 (0.04) 3,081 (7.5) 1,164 (18.0) 0 (0.00) 2,566 (8.5) 0 (0.00) 10,330 (1.6) 6,999 (3.2) 4,456 (1.7) Cigarette smoking Never 974,560 (63.0) 35,304 (83.7) 6,094 (95.6) 4,985 (98.4) 25,457 (61.6) 3,595 (55.5) 3274 (98.3) 16,851 (55.9) 285,673 (94.9) 346,928 (54.3) 94,000 (43.5) 152,399 (59.7) Previous 406,326 (26.3) 6,166 (14.6) 5 (0.08) 21 (0.41) 11,253 (27.2) 1,809 (27.9) 40 (1.20) 9,148 (30.3) 2,619 (0.87) 211,953 (33.2) 84,058 (38.9) 79,254 (31.0) Current 146,379 (9.5) 410 (0.97) 58 (0.91) 59 (1.2) 4,439 (10.7) 1,049 (16.2) 15 (0.45) 3,224 (10.7) 12,617 (4.2) 71,277 (11.2) 30,343 (14.1) 22,888 (9.0) Unknown 18,952 (1.2) 314 (0.74) 215 (3.4) 0 (0.00) 186 (0.45) 27 (0.42) 0 (0.00) 925 (3.1) 0 (0.00) 8,868 (1.4) 7,504 (3.5) 913 (0.36) Physical activity Inactive 357,643 (23.1) 8,553 (20.3) 2,681 (42.1) 3,815 (75.3) 23,253 (56.3) 2,596 (40.1) 1248 (37.5) 22,033 (73.1) 99,953 (33.2)2 36,813 (5.8) 79,280 (36.7) 77,418 (30.3) Moderately active 426,785 (27.6) 13,711 (32.5) 797 (12.5) 491 (9.7) 6,931 (16.8) 1,871 (28.9) 1082 (32.5) 7,074 (23.5) 100,654 (33.4)2 70,898 (11.1) 99,164 (45.9) 124,112 (48.6) Highly active 570,911 (36.9) 17,753 (42.1) 1,494 (23.4) 40 (0.79) 4,770 (11.5) 1,831 (28.3) 999 (30.0) 1,032 (3.4) 100,302 (33.3)2 364,921 (57.1) 34,746 (16.1) 43,023 (16.8) Unknown 190,878 (12.3) 2,177 (5.2) 1,400 (22.0) 719 (14.2) 6,381 (15.4) 182 (2.8) 0 (0.00) 9 (0.03) 0 (0.00) 166,394 (26.0) 2,715 (1.3) 10,901 (4.3) History of diabetes Yes 71,748 (4.6) 3,195 (7.6) 777 (12.2) 830 (16.4) 459 (1.1) 33 (0.51) 155 (4.7) 544 (1.8) 18,426 (6.1) 21,570 (3.4) 16,204 (7.5) 9,555 (3.7) No 1,466,761 (94.9) 38,512 (91.3) 5,569 (87.4) 4,231 (83.5) 36,684 (88.7) 6,419 (99.1) 3174 (95.3) 27,293 (90.5) 282,483 (93.9) 617,456 (96.6) 199,701 (92.5) 245,239 (96.0) Unknown 7,708 (0.50) 487 (1.2) 26 (0.41) 4 (0.08) 4,192 (10.1) 28 (0.43) 0 (0.00) 2,311 (7.7) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 660 (0.26) Age at menarche ≤ 10 years 60,622 (3.9) 3,658 (8.7) 16 (0.25) 18 (0.36) 1,800 (4.4) - 3 (0.09) 1,760 (5.8) 278 (0.09) 26,924 (4.2) 14,720 (6.8) 11,445 (4.5) 11–12 years 457,022 (29.6) 18,046 (42.8) 759 (11.9) 635 (12.5) 14,635 (35.4) - 282 (8.47) 10,787 (35.8) 16,130 (5.4) 220,840 (34.6) 90,177 (41.8) 84,731 (33.2) 13–14 years 624,908 (40.4) 15,807 (37.5) 3,931 (61.7) 2,817 (55.6) 18,925 (45.8) - 1482 (44.5) 13,111 (43.5) 84,506 (28.1) 285,866 (44.7) 89,002 (41.2) 109,461 (42.8) ≥ 15 years 375,784 (24.3) 4,365 (10.3) 1,664 (26.1) 1,570 (31.0) 5,399 (13.1) - 1536 (46.1) 3,877 (12.9) 199,947 (66.4) 95,559 (15.0) 19,860 (9.2) 42,007 (16.4) Unknown 27,881 (1.8) 318 (0.75) 2 (0.03) 25 (0.49) 576 (1.4) 6,480 (100) 26 (0.8) 613 (2.0) 48 (0.02) 9,837 (1.5) 2,146 (0.99) 7,810 (3.1) Parity None 187,425 (12.1) 6,542 (15.5) 329 (5.2) 295 (5.8) 15,748 (38.1) 3,244 (50.1) 255 (7.66) 3,739 (12.4) 3,956 (1.3) 72,831 (11.4) 32,816 (15.2) 47,670 (18.7) One 254,901 (16.5) 5,457 (12.9) 546 (8.6) 385 (7.6) 5,357 (13.0) 917 (14.2) 184 (5.53) 3,748 (12.4) 103,690 (34.5) 78,095 (12.2) 22,460 (10.4) 34,062 (13.3) Two 593,107 (38.4) 13,342 (31.6) 1,692 (26.6) 1,287 (25.4) 12,261 (29.7) 1,386 (21.4) 1148 (34.5) 11,668 (38.7) 95,596 (31.8) 287,141 (44.9) 55,974 (25.9) 111,612 (43.7) 3–4 430,594 (27.8) 13,045 (30.9) 2,489 (39.1) 1,983 (39.2) 7,062 (17.1) 714 (11.0) 1550 (46.6) 7,255 (24.1) 77,933 (25.9) 182,369 (28.5) 78,618 (36.4) 57,576 (22.5) 5–9 70,558 (4.6) 3,066 (7.3) 1,211 (19.0) 1,042 (20.6) 526 (1.3) 63 (0.97) 173 (5.20) 603 (2.0) 19,542 (6.5) 17,126 (2.7) 23,014 (10.7) 4,192 (1.6) ≥ 10 1,305 (0.08) 133 (0.32) 59 (0.93) 52 (1.0) 2 (0.00) 1 (0.02) 0 (0.00) 12 (0.04) 192 (0.06) 63 (0.01) 746 (0.35) 45 (0.02) Unknown 8,327 (0.54) 609 (1.4) 46 (0.72) 21 (0.41) 379 (0.92) 155 (2.4) 19 (0.6) 3,123 (10.4) 0 (0.00) 1,401 (0.22) 2,277 (1.1) 297 (0.12) Age at first birth ≤ 19 years 157,185 (10.2) 5,947 (14.1) - - 1,489 (3.6) 195 (3.0) - 1,661 (5.5) 28,021 (9.3) 62,803 (9.8) 37,301 (17.3) 19,768 (7.7) 20–24 years 619,652 (40.1) 13,002 (30.8) - - 7,934 (19.2) 967 (14.9) - 8,101 (26.9) 170,982 (56.8) 258,825 (40.5) 92,737 (43.0) 67,104 (26.3) 25–29 years 401,728 (26.0) 8,627 (20.4) - - 9,889 (23.9) 1,259 (19.4) - 8,883 (29.5) 86,929 (28.9) 173,713 (27.2) 38,202 (17.7) 74,226 (29.1) 30–34 years 108,882 (7.0) 3,479 (8.2) - - 4,444 (10.8) 490 (7.6) - 3,434 (11.4) 9,222 (3.1) 45,920 (7.2) 9,717 (4.5) 32,176 (12.6) 35–39 years 30,023 (1.9) 1,049 (2.5) - - 1,248 (3.0) 134 (2.1) - 1,025 (3.4) 1,433 (0.48) 11,223 (1.8) 2,387 (1.1) 11,524 (4.5) ≥ 40 years 5,511 (0.36) 236 (0.56) - - 193 (0.47) 23 (0.35) - 157 (0.52) 218 (0.07) 2,002 (0.31) 413 (0.19) 2,269 (0.89) No children 187,425 (12.1) 6,542 (15.5) 329 (5.2) 295 (5.8) 15,748 (38.1) 3,244 (50.1) 255 (7.7) 3,739 (12.4) 3,956 (1.3) 72,831 (11.4) 32,816 (15.2) 47,670 (18.7) Unknown 35,811 (2.3) 3,312 (7.8) 6,043 (94.8) 4,770 (94.2) 390 (0.94) 168 (2.6) 3074 (92.3) 3,148 (10.4) 148 (0.05) 11,709 (1.8) 2,332 (1.1) 717 (0.28) Menopausal status Pre-menopausal 244,562 (15.8) 9,689 (23.0) 4,018 (63.1) 2,941 (58.1) 24,718 (59.8) 4,754 (73.4) 1232 (37.0) 11,796 (39.1) 128,741 (42.8) 1 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 56,672 (22.2) Post-menopausal 1,301,655 (84.2) 32,505 (77.0) 2,354 (36.9) 2,124 (41.9) 16,617 (40.2) 1,726 (26.6) 2097 (63.0) 18,352 (60.9) 172,168 (57.2) 639,025 (100.0) 215,905 (100) 198,782 (77.8) Age at menopause (postmenopausal women only) < 40 years 77,087 (5.9) 2,594 (8.0) 406 (17.2) 292 (13.7) 0 (0.00) - 131 (6.2) 2,004 (10.9) 6,464 (3.8) 21,158 (3.3) 38,407 (17.8) 5,631 (2.8) 40–44 years 124,498 (9.6) 3,005 (9.2) 639 (27.1) 518 (24.4) 1,508 (9.1) - 251 (12.0) 2,008 (10.9) 18,184 (10.6) 52,184 (8.2) 33,393 (15.5) 12,808 (6.4) 45–49 years 296,861 (22.8) 5,383 (16.6) 757 (32.2) 653 (30.7) 3,142 (18.9) - 556 (26.5) 3,953 (21.5) 65,017 (37.8) 132,074 (20.7) 51,357 (23.8) 33,969 (17.1) 50–54 years 438,854 (33.7) 7,762 (23.9) 340 (14.4) 375 (17.7) 4,893 (29.4) - 964 (46.0) 6,294 (34.3) 60,141 (34.9) 223,470 (35.0) 66,050 (30.6) 68,565 (34.5) ≥ 55 years 104,681 (8.0) 12,232 (37.6) 103 (4.4) 73 (3.4) 739 (4.4) - 173 (8.2) 1,051 (5.7) 7,779 (4.5) 46,200 (7.2) 14,617 (6.8) 21,714 (10.9) Unknown 259,674 (19.9) 1,529 (4.7) 109 (4.6) 213 (10.0) 6,335 (38.1) 1,726 (100) 22 (1.0) 3,042 (16.6) 14,583 (8.5) 163,939 (25.7) 12,081 (5.6) 56,095 (28.2) Ever used oral contraceptives Yes 791,983 (51.3) 24,802 (58.8) 223 (3.5) 349 (6.9) 30,475 (73.7) 3,582 (55.3) 523 (15.7) 20,167 (66.9) 29,611 (9.8) 391,488 (61.3) 84,234 (39.0) 207,052 (81.1) No 742,243 (48.1) 17,392 (41.2) 6,148 (96.5) 4,688 (92.6) 10,503 (25.4) 2,848 (44.0) 2778 (83.4) 9,521 (31.6) 271,252 (90.1) 243,805 (38.2) 128,537 (59.5) 47,549 (18.6) Unknown 8,662 (0.6) - 1 (0.02) 28 (0.55) 357 (0.86) 50 (0.77) 28 (0.01) 460 (1.5) 46 (0.02) 3,733 (0.58) 3,134 (1.45) 853 (0.33) Ever used hormone replacement therapy Yes 584,677 (37.8) 16,619 (39.4) - - 7,506 (18.2) - 654 (19.6) 8,198 (27.2) - 341,137 (53.4) 114,186 (52.9) 96,377 (37.7) No 628,851 (40.7) 24,294 (57.6) - - 33,239 (80.4) - 1432 (43.0) 20,997 (69.6) - 289,096 (45.2) 101,719 (47.1) 158,074 (61.9) Unknown 332,689 (21.5) 1,281 (3.0) 6,372 (100) 5,065 (100) 590 (1.4) 6,480 (100) 1243 (37.3) 953 (3.2) 300,909 (100) 8,793 (1.4) 0 (0.00) 1,003 (0.39) Abbreviations: AHS-2, Adventist Health Study-2; CARRS, Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia; CKB, China Kadoorie Biobank; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; MWS, Million Women Study; NIH-AARP, National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study; OVS, Oxford Vegetarian Study; TCHS, Tzu Chi Health Study; UKWCS, UK Women’s Cohort Study. 1All values are N (%). 2Sex-specific tertiles of metabolic equivalents. c indicates that no information was available for this variable in the specified cohort. The original article [1] has been corrected.
Author(s): Dunneram Y, Lee JY, Watling CZ, Fraser GE, Miles F, Prabhakaran D, Shridhar K, Kondal D, Mohan V, Ali MK, Venkat Narayan KM, Tandon N, Tong TYN, Chiu THT, Lin M-N, Lin C-L, Yang H-C, Liang Y-J, Greenwood DC, Du H, Chen Z, Yu C, Kakkoura MG, Reeves GK, Papier K, Floud S, Sinha R, Liao LM, Loftfield E, Cade JE, Key TJ, Perez-Cornago A
Publication type: Note
Publication status: Published
Journal: BMC Public Health
Year: 2025
Volume: 25
Online publication date: 11/06/2025
Acceptance date: 02/04/2018
ISSN (electronic): 1471-2458
Publisher: BioMed Central Ltd
URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22844-8
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-22844-8
