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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Thomas ChadwickORCiD, Tony FouweatherORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2025 The AuthorsBackground: People with bipolar disorders (BD) frequently experience depressive symptoms that do not respond to available treatment options. The resulting burden for people with BD and society is substantial. This study sought to explore the cost-effectiveness of pramipexole in combination with mood stabilisers for people with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder (TRBD). Methods: We calculated mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of pramipexole compared to placebo over 12 and 48 weeks from health and social care (NHS + PSS) and societal perspectives for 36 participants with TRBD. Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) were captured with the EQ-5D-5L as the primary outcome measure. We used capability well-being measures (ICECAP-A, OxCAP-MH) to assess the robustness of the results and multiple imputation and bootstrapping to address missing data and small sample size. Results: We found that pramipexole is dominantly more effective and cost-saving from the NHS + PSS perspective with 86 % probability of being cost-effective at £30,000/QALY gained over 12 weeks and 93 % over 48 weeks. From the societal perspective, pramipexole was more effective but also more expensive with lower probability of cost-effectiveness (36 % over 12 weeks and 48 % over 48 weeks). Uncertainty around the mean ICERs was substantial due to the small sample size. Limitations: The PAX-BD trial was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and terminated early, resulting in a limited generalizability of resource use outside the pandemic context and a small sample size. Conclusions: Pramipexole is a cost-effective treatment option for TRBD from the NHS + PSS perspective, with statistically significant increases in health-related quality of life and capability well-being over extended periods.
Author(s): Berger M, Helter T, Azim L, Chadwick T, Courtney P, Fouweather T, Geddes J, Hindmarch P, Morriss R, Stokes PRA, Watson S, Weetman C, Young AH, McAllister-Williams RH, Simon J
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Journal of Affective Disorders
Year: 2025
Volume: 391
Online publication date: 15/12/2025
Acceptance date: 14/07/2025
Date deposited: 04/08/2025
ISSN (print): 0165-0327
ISSN (electronic): 1573-2517
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.119937
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.119937
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