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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Copyright © 2025 Attwood, Lövgren, Forsyth, Demarchi, Thayanandan, Prisco, Ganau, Roberts, Scarff, Newton, DeLuca and Lawrence.Outcomes following paediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are extremely heterogenous. While emerging biomarkers promise enhanced prognostic accuracy, a critical question remains unanswered—which outcome measures provide the most accurate assessment of injury impact? In this article, we highlight barriers to selecting appropriate outcome measures, including variability in how outcomes are defined and the wide range of assessment tools used. With reference to the most recent literature, we summarise current evidence of adverse outcomes following paediatric mTBI and highlight emerging candidate biomarkers of these outcomes. We emphasise the unique challenges associated with interpreting outcome measures in younger patients, from the impact of developmental stage and assessment timing to the influence of injury-independent factors. We assert the need to consider these obstacles when designing and interpreting mTBI biomarker studies. To realise the potential of prognostic biomarkers, future research should prioritise establishing consensus definitions, compiling a set of accessible and comprehensive outcome measures, and capturing injury-independent factors through longitudinal study designs.
Author(s): Attwood JE, Lovgren I, Forsyth R, Demarchi C, Thayanandan T, Prisco L, Ganau M, Roberts R, Scarff K, Newton JL, DeLuca GC, Lawrence T
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Frontiers in Neurology
Year: 2025
Volume: 16
Online publication date: 17/07/2025
Acceptance date: 08/07/2025
Date deposited: 12/08/2025
ISSN (electronic): 1664-2295
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1620178
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1620178
Data Access Statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
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