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Lookup NU author(s): Heather Woodhouse, Dr Gerard HallORCiD, Callum Simpson, Csaba Kozma, Dr Frances TurnerORCiD, Dr Gabrielle SchroederORCiD, Professor Christopher PetkovORCiD, Dr Raheel Ahmed, Professor Peter TaylorORCiD, Professor Yujiang WangORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© The Author(s) 2025. Understanding healthy human brain function is crucial to identify and map pathological tissue within it. Whilst previous studies have mapped intracranial EEG (icEEG) from non-epileptogenic brain regions, they often neglect age and sex effects. Further, they are limited by small sample sizes due to the modality’s invasive nature. This study substantially expands the subject pool compared to existing literature, to create a multi-centre, normative map of brain activity which considers the effects of age, sex and recording hospital. Using interictal icEEG recordings from subjects across 15 centres, we constructed a normative map of non-pathological brain activity by regressing age and sex on relative band power in five frequency bands. A linear mixed model was implemented to account for the hospital effect. Variable importance was assessed using standard statistical measures, and regression coefficients (and their standard errors) were analysed at both whole-brain and regional scales. Recording hospital significantly impacted normative icEEG maps in all frequency bands, and age was a more influential predictor of band power than sex. The age effect varied by frequency band, but no spatial patterns were observed at the region-specific level. Certainty about regression coefficients was also frequency band specific and moderately impacted by sample size. The concept of a normative map is well-established in neuroscience research and particularly relevant to the icEEG modality, which does not allow healthy control baselines. Our key results regarding the hospital site and age effect guide future work utilising normative maps in icEEG.
Author(s): Woodhouse H, Hall G, Simpson C, Kozma C, Turner F, Schroeder GM, Diehl B, Duncan JS, Mo J, Zhang K, Chari A, Tisdall M, Moeller F, Petkov C, Howard MA, Ibrahim GM, Donner E, Warsi NM, Ahmed R, Taylor PN, Wang Y
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Brain Structure and Function
Year: 2025
Volume: 230
Issue: 7
Online publication date: 21/08/2025
Acceptance date: 08/07/2025
Date deposited: 01/09/2025
ISSN (print): 1863-2653
ISSN (electronic): 1863-2661
Publisher: Springer Nature
URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-025-02988-4
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-025-02988-4
Data Access Statement: The preprocessed, normative data table including RBP( ) values, along with code used for modelling and to produce figures, will be made available at https://github.com/H-Woodhouse/norm-ieeg-age-sex-hospital upon acceptance. The data from RAM hospitals is publicly available at https://memory.psych.upenn.edu/RAM. Due to data sharing agreements, the raw icEEG for the remaining hospitals is not available. However, the CNNP lab will be publishing a data release paper containing this in the future.
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