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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Foundation Ltd. BACKGROUND: Axillary node clearance is the current standard of care in patients with node-positive breast cancer undergoing primary surgery, despite a lack of evidence to demonstrate survival benefit and high rates of life-changing morbidity. Targeted axillary dissection (TAD) may be a safe alternative to axillary node clearance, but there is no agreement how primary TAD should be performed. TADPOLE-TOGETHER aimed to use international consensus methods to agree the key components of primary TAD to promote standardized introduction and evaluation of the technique within the TADPOLE trial. METHODS: A scoping review and key stakeholder interviews were used to generate a longlist of possible procedure steps for inclusion in the Delphi questionnaire. Two rounds of an international online survey were then used to agree the mandatory, optional, and prohibited steps of TAD, together with any standardization and training required. The final approach to primary TAD was agreed at an online consensus meeting. RESULTS: Thirteen potential steps of a TAD procedure were identified from the literature and expert interviews, together with information regarding standardization and training. Some 244 surgeons with global representation participated in the Round 1 survey, of whom 161 (66.0%) participated in Round 2. Seven mandatory steps of primary TAD, including localization and removal of the involved node, combined with a sentinel node biopsy, were agreed upon and ratified by 42 surgeons from the UK, Europe, and Asia who attended the consensus meeting. CONCLUSION: Robust international consensus methods have been used to agree how primary TAD should be performed, promoting safe and transparent introduction and evaluation of the technique.
Author(s): Potter S, Mullan R, Cain H, St John ER, Barry P, Massanat Y, Harvey J, Fairhurst K, Morgan A, Perkins M, Mann GB, Lippey J, Cowan K, Blencowe N, McIntosh SA
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: BJS Open
Year: 2025
Volume: 9
Issue: 6
Online publication date: 30/10/2025
Acceptance date: 30/07/2025
Date deposited: 11/11/2025
ISSN (electronic): 2474-9842
Publisher: Oxford University Press
URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zraf121
DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraf121
Data Access Statement: All data from this study are presented in the paper, tables, and supplementary materials. No further data are available
PubMed id: 41166453
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