Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Dr Stephen BirkinshawORCiD, Dr Ben SmithORCiD, Dr Alistair FordORCiD, Dr James Virgo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Flood Risk Management published by Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The desire to promote Natural Flood Management (NFM) has not yet been matched by implementation. In part, this reflects the lack of scientific evidence regarding the ability of NFM measures to contribute to risk reduction at the national scale. Broad scale understanding, as exemplified for Great Britain in this paper, is necessary evidence for policy development and a prerequisite for implementation at scale. This does not imply a lack of confidence in the wider benefits that NFM provide (for biodiversity, carbon sequestration, well-being and many others), but without credible quantified flood risk reduction evidence, progress has been slow. This paper integrates national-scale hydrological models (using SHETRAN and HBV-TYN) and fluvial flood risk analysis (using the Future Flood Explorer, FFE) to quantify the flood risk reduction benefits of NFM across Great Britain under conditions of future climate and socio-economic change. An optimisation of these benefits is presented considering alternative NFM policy ambitions and other demands on land (urban development, agriculture, and biodiversity). The findings suggest NFM has the potential to make a significant contribution to national flood risk reduction when implemented as part of a portfolio of measures. An optimisation through to 2100 suggests investment in NFM achieves a benefit-to-cost ratio of ~3 to 5 (based on the reduction in Expected Annual Damage (EAD) to residential properties alone). By the 2050s, this equates to an ~£80 m reduction in EAD under a scenario of low population growth and a 2°C rise in global warming by 2100. This increases to £110 m given a scenario of high population growth and a 4°C rise. Assuming current levels of adaptation continue in all other aspects of flood risk management, this represents ~9%–13% of the reduction in EAD achieved by the portfolio as a whole. By the 2080s, the contribution of NFM to risk reduction increases to ~£110 and ~£145 m under these two scenarios. These figures are based on the reduction in EAD to residential properties alone, and do not include the substantial co-benefits that would also accrue.
Author(s): Sayers PB, Birkinshaw SJ, Carr S, He Y, Lewis L, Smith B, Redhead J, Pywell R, Ford A, Virgo J, Nicholls RJ, Price J, Warren R, Forstenhausler N, Smith A, Russell A
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Journal of Flood Risk Management
Year: 2025
Volume: 18
Issue: 4
Print publication date: 01/12/2025
Online publication date: 05/11/2025
Acceptance date: 21/10/2025
Date deposited: 24/11/2025
ISSN (electronic): 1753-318X
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.70151
DOI: 10.1111/jfr3.70151
Data Access Statement: The underlying HBV and SHETRAN results are available on DAFNI. Other data sets are restricted under third-party licences. Please contact the authors.
Altmetrics provided by Altmetric
