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Lookup NU author(s): Charlotte Parker, Ryan Nolan, Dr Clare Andrews, Professor Melissa BatesonORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2025 The Authors.Food insecurity is associated with higher body weight in humans and other species, but the causal effect of unpredictable food availability on weight gain is unknown. We measured food intake and weight in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) exposed to repeated irregular periods of food deprivation. We manipulated the predictability of deprivation between subjects with a 1 h visual cue that either reliably preceded deprivation (Predictable group) or was uncorrelated with deprivation (Unpredictable group). During the cue, Predictable birds reduced their food intake and spent less time inactive, indicating that they had learnt the contingency. Despite these responses, they lost less weight during subsequent deprivation. They also ate less and gained less weight when food was returned. Birds with the largest behavioural response to the cue had the lowest overall variance in body weight. Consistent with the insurance hypothesis, food intake and body weight increased over time in both groups and body weight was higher in the Unpredictable group. Our results suggest that when food deprivation was predictable, birds were less reliant on stored fat and instead used conditioned hypometabolism to mitigate the effects of food deprivation. We discuss the implications of our findings for the differential health impacts of food insecurity and intermittent fasting.
Author(s): Parker C, Nolan R, Andrews CP, Bateson M
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Royal Society Open Science
Year: 2025
Volume: 12
Issue: 11
Print publication date: 12/11/2025
Acceptance date: 14/10/2025
Date deposited: 25/11/2025
ISSN (electronic): 2054-5703
Publisher: Royal Society Publishing
URL: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250917
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.250917
Data Access Statement: The data, meta-data and R code necessary to generate the analyses and figures in the current paper have been deposited on the Open Science Framework and are publicly available at OSF. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VYP4R
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