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Lookup NU author(s): Professor Christian HicksORCiD, Dr Shalini NakkasunchiORCiD, Dr Amy Neild, Professor Oliver HeidrichORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
international treaties, environmental and carbon accounting, units of analysis, system boundaries, sectoral emissions, international standards and carbon accounting methodologies. There is a gap between carbon accounting guidance and practical implementations, which are often insufficiently systematic to provide true, fair and unbiased reporting. In military contexts the reporting of emissions is voluntary under the Paris Agreement, with most countries not reporting. Military expenditure is increasing faster than economic growth, increasing unreported GHGs, making it necessary to decouple emissions from economic growth and military expenditure. The UK is one of few countries to report military emissions, but based upon spending rather than more accurate process-based data collection, with limited Scope 3 measurement. A case study developed the first carbon baseline for infrastructure at a UK military base that utilized detailed process data using a systematic approach based upon international standards. This addressed the gap between guidance and practical implementations. RAF Leeming’s Scope 1 and 2 emissions totalled 7,600t CO2e, with per capita emissions of 3.9tCO2e. Scope 3 emissions are estimated to be in the range 18,000 to 68,000 tCO2e, with total emissions in the approximate range 25,000 to 76,000 tCO2e. The case study enables the military to measure reductions in their emissions, facilitating risk management and decision-making to achieve carbon reduction targets. It also provides a template that could be employed at other military and industrial sites.
Author(s): Hicks C, Nakkasunchi S, Neild A, Heidrich O
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
Year: 2026
Volume: 227
Print publication date: 01/02/2026
Online publication date: 25/11/2025
Acceptance date: 05/11/2025
Date deposited: 25/11/2025
ISSN (print): 1879-0690
ISSN (electronic): 1364-0321
Publisher: Elsevier
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.116511
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116511
Data Access Statement: The data that has been used is confidential
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