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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Yi Zhou, Dr Serkan TurkmenORCiD, Dr Kayvan PazoukiORCiD, Dr Rosemary NormanORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2025 The Author(s). To align with the IMO GHG strategy published in 2023 for reducing CO2 emissions per transport work, optimising shipping operations is crucial. While applying alternative fuels is the key strategy, their high cost highlights the need to improve operational efficiency in shipping. Route optimisation is one of the key operational measures to reduce fuel oil consumption (FOC) and hence associated emissions. This study presents a novel reinforcement learning-based methodology for route optimization of a cargo ship retrofitted with a Gate Rudder (GR) system, simultaneously targeting FOC reduction, time cost and navigational safety. A foundational aspect of the research is the development of a FOC prediction model using Extreme Gradient Boosting to accurately forecast fuel consumption. The predicted FOC values are then adopted into the environment of an enhanced Deep Q-Network to simultaneously optimise ship speed and route. The results demonstrate that, with the proposed approach, fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 27.81 % compared to the original route operated at service speed prior to the installation of the GR system. Of this reduction, 7.79 % is attributable to the GR system itself, while the remaining 20.02 % results from the proposed route optimization method, considering fuel consumption, voyage time, and safety. This reduction results in a decrease of up to 10,379 kg in CO2 emissions, which further highlights the environmental benefits of the proposed optimisation approach, as well as the GR system.
Author(s): Zhou Y, Turkmen S, Pazouki K, Norman R
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review
Year: 2026
Volume: 206
Print publication date: 01/02/2026
Online publication date: 20/11/2025
Acceptance date: 12/11/2025
Date deposited: 03/12/2025
ISSN (print): 1366-5545
ISSN (electronic): 1878-5794
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2025.104555
DOI: 10.1016/j.tre.2025.104555
Data Access Statement: The ship data for FOC model development are confidential; metocean and geographic data are available from CMEMS and NOAA.
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