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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Kheng-Lim GohORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND).
© 2025 The Authors. Tin slag (TS), a byproduct of the tin extraction process, was employed as a filler in polypropylene (PP), resulting in a sustainable composite with potential technical uses. PP composites containing varying loadings such as 5, 10, and 15 parts per hundred resins (phr) of TS with and without compatibilizers were prepared and tested. Tensile and impact strength were investigated, and PP-TS composites without compatibilizer resulted in 4.3 % and 17.4 % drop in tensile and impact strength compared to pure PP at 5 phr TS loading, respectively. In addition, a comparison study was conducted between PP-TS composites with and without a compatibilizer, as well as Maleic Anhydride Grafted with Polypropylene (MAPP). Also, the use of MAPP compatibilizer resulted in a significant increase in composite tensile strength when compared to uncompatibilized PP-TS composites and pristine PP. Moreover, the tensile strength increased by 6.7 % at 10 phr loading in the PP-TS composite with MAPP compared to the composite without MAPP. On the other hand, MAPP incorporation decreased the impact strength of PP-TS composites. Furthermore, the presence of MAPP in PP-TS composites boosted thermal stability by 12.4 % as well as the composites resistance to thermal deterioration. Meanwhile, the tension fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope to determine their failure pattern. Furthermore, the addition of MAPP compatibilizer to PP-TS composites allows for the use of TS as a particulate sustainable reinforcement in PP composites.
Author(s): Mohd Yusoff NIS, Wong T-W, Wahit MU, Hassan SA, Binoj JS, Bright BM, Goh KL
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Next Materials
Year: 2026
Volume: 10
Print publication date: 01/01/2026
Online publication date: 06/12/2025
Acceptance date: 26/11/2025
Date deposited: 22/12/2025
ISSN (electronic): 2949-8228
Publisher: Elsevier BV
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101486
DOI: 10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101486
Data Access Statement: The data used in this study is confidential due to specific reasons like proprietary information and the extended version of reported work is under progress. However, the authors are available to discuss the findings and provide additional context upon request.
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