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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Zarif Jabbar-Lopez, Professor John Common
This is the final published version of an article that has been published in its final definitive form by John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2022.
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© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Background: Observational studies suggest an increased risk of eczema in children living in hard versus soft water areas, and there is, therefore, an interest in knowing whether softening water may prevent eczema. We evaluated the feasibility of a parallel-group assessor-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial to test whether installing a domestic ion-exchange water softener before birth in hard water areas reduces the risk of eczema in infants with a family history of atopy. Methods: Pregnant women living in hard water areas (>250 mg/L calcium carbonate) in and around London UK, were randomized 1:1 antenatally to either have an ion-exchange water softener installed in their home or not (ie to continue to receive usual domestic hard water). Infants were assessed at birth and followed up for 6 months. The main end-points were around feasibility, the primary end-point being the proportion of eligible families screened who were willing and able to be randomized. Clinical end-points were evaluated including frequency of parent-reported doctor-diagnosed eczema and visible eczema on skin examination. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and no statistical testing was performed as this was a pilot study. Results: One hundred and forty-nine families screened were eligible antenatally and 28% (41/149) could not have a water softener installed due to technical reasons or lack of landlord approval. Eighty of 149 (54%) were randomized, the primary end-point. Two participants withdrew immediately after randomization, leaving 39 participants in each arm (78 total). Attrition was 15% (12/78) by 6 months postpartum. All respondents (n = 69) to the study acceptability questionnaire reported that the study was acceptable. Fifty-six of 708 (7.9%) water samples in the water softener arm were above the hard water threshold of 20 mg/L CaCO3. At 6 months of age 27/67 infants (40%) developed visible eczema, 12/36 (33%) vs. 15/31 (48%) in the water softener and control groups, respectively, difference −15% (95% CI −38, 8.3%), with most assessments (≥96%) remaining blinded. Similarly, a lower proportion of infants in the water softener arm had parent-reported, doctor-diagnosed eczema by 6 months compared to the control arm, 6/17 (35%) versus 9/19 (47%), difference −12% (95% CI −44, 20%). Conclusion: A randomized controlled trial of water softeners for the prevention of atopic eczema in high-risk infants is feasible and acceptable. Trial registration: NCT03270566 (clinicaltrials.gov).
Author(s): Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Ezzamouri B, Briley A, Greenblatt D, Gurung N, Chalmers JR, Thomas KS, Frost T, Kezic S, Common JEA, Danby S, Cork MJ, Peacock JL, Flohr C
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Clinical and Experimental Allergy
Year: 2022
Volume: 52
Issue: 3
Pages: 405-415
Print publication date: 01/03/2022
Online publication date: 01/12/2021
Acceptance date: 24/11/2021
Date deposited: 26/01/2026
ISSN (print): 0954-7894
ISSN (electronic): 1365-2222
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14071
DOI: 10.1111/cea.14071
PubMed id: 34854157
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