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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Kai AlterORCiD, Dr William Sedley
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Copyright © 2026 Altın, Colak, Maskery, Alter and Sedley.Introduction: Generative mechanisms of perception such as predictive coding are used to explain how the brain perceives the world; such mechanisms are often experimentally probed using “deviant” stimuli that violate established patterns (including mismatch negativity), which also elicit responses related to lower-level processes such as stimulus-specific adaptation. However, little is still known about brain responses that indicate the strength of sensory predictions or reinforcement of sensory representations. Repetition positivity (RP) is a positive polarity evoked potential that gradually increases with each repetition of a stimulus, and is thought to reflect progressive strengthening of auditory sensory memory and/or habituation to repetitive stimuli. The aim of this study was to compare RP that follows a change in stimulus frequency with that following a change in stimulus intensity, the latter having not previously been studied. Methods: We used roving sequences of isochronous 5 kHz pure tones (300 ms duration, 300ms inter-stimulus interval), which changed in frequency by 1 kHz (Experiment 1) or in intensity by 12 dB (Experiment 2) after every 30 stimuli. All changes were roving, such that an increase would be followed by a decrease, and vice versa. Results: Event-related potentials recorded with EEG indicated that frequency changes in either direction were followed by RP, whilst only intensity increases were followed by RP, and only a weak visual trend toward RP was apparent for intensity decreases. Observed RP was best explained by a logarithmic function over successive stimuli. Conclusions: RP robustly follows increases, but not necessarily decreases, in stimulus intensity, which appears smaller in amplitude than that elicited by similarly salient frequency changes, and reaches a plateau sooner. These observations offer insight into how intensity is processed similarly yet differently to other sensory attributes in an adaptive or predictive coding framework, and might have future utility in the study of clinical conditions related to aberrant predictive mechanisms.
Author(s): Altin B, Colak H, Maskery C, Alter K, Sedley W
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience
Year: 2026
Volume: 19
Online publication date: 16/01/2026
Acceptance date: 22/12/2025
Date deposited: 16/02/2026
ISSN (print): 1662-4548
ISSN (electronic): 1662-453X
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2025.1679647
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1679647
Data Access Statement: The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://figshare.com/s/ 14a1691e82d6b91b483c
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