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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Zoran MilojevicORCiD, Dr Mohamed Ahmeid, Dr Simon LambertORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit sudden non-linear degradation (known as the cell knee point) in operating use, but a quick, simple, and industrially applicable method of predicting knee point failure remains elusive. Addressing this gap, we show for the first time that the Warburg coefficient (readily obtainable from EIS measurement) can predict electrolyte-based knee point failure, well before extreme capacity degradation, in retired electric vehicle pouch cells. The technique is found to be effective across a wide range of battery states of charge (SOC), and the information can be extracted from the pouch cells in only 10 seconds. In principle this enables early detection of electrolyte-based knee point failure within commercial electric vehicle cells if applied ex situ through offline diagnosis (energy storage system) within second life battery application systems, thus allowing greater predictability with regard to the remaining lifetime of the battery.
Author(s): Attidekou PS, Milojevic Z, Sweeney L, Muhammad M, Ahmeid M, Lambert S, Slater PR, Anderson PA
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: JPhys Energy
Year: 2026
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Online publication date: 06/03/2026
Acceptance date: 19/02/2026
Date deposited: 23/03/2026
ISSN (electronic): 2515-7655
Publisher: IOP Publishing Ltd
URL: https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ae4829
DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ae4829
Data Access Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at the following URL/DOI: https:// doi.org/10.25500/edata.bham.00001541 [41] Postmortem photos CP1 and CP2 available at https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ae4829/data1
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