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Lookup NU author(s): Professor Hamish McAllister-WilliamsORCiD
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© 2026 McAllister-Williams et al. Purpose: Substantial evidence supports the effectiveness of implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) in the management of unipolar difficult-to-treat depression (DTD). While the treatment is included in several national and international guidelines, there is limited information to guide clinicians regarding patient selection and use of VNS in clinical practice. Patients and Methods: A group of 32 experts in the use of VNS were identified from the main countries currently providing the treatment globally. A modified Delphi technique was used to document views on 55 statements regarding the goals, patient selection, and use of VNS treatment in routine clinical practice. Statements were rated on a 9-point Likert scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. Over the course of three rounds of voting, with statements modified based on anonymous comments from panelists, consensus agreement or disagreement was deemed if at least 75% of panel members scored a statement between 7 and 9, or 1 and 3, respectively. Results: Consensus was reached by the panel on 75% of the statements covering a wide range of issues. There was agreement that the main goals for VNS are long-term management of symptoms and improvement in quality of life, that the treatment is appropriate for all ages of patients and that there are few contraindications. Conclusion: A set of expert recommendations for the use of VNS for DTD was generated. These should be of value to clinicians to ensure current best practices are followed when considering this treatment.
Author(s): McAllister-Williams RH, Alva G, Banov M, Conway CR, Cusin C, De Beer JC, Demyttenaere K, Domany Y, Domenech P, Dougherty DD, Dunner DL, Feffer K, George MS, Iosifescu DV, Kavakbasi E, Kraus C, Lehnhardt F-G, Lesperance P, McCall WV, Murrough JW, Nahas Z, Nemeroff CB, Quevedo J, Reif-Leonhard C, Riva-Posse P, Rush AJ, Schwartz TL, Stander MP, Williams NR, Zajecka J, Aaronson ST, Baune BT, Sackeim HA
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
Year: 2026
Volume: 22
Online publication date: 18/03/2026
Acceptance date: 24/02/2026
Date deposited: 08/04/2026
ISSN (electronic): 1178-2021
Publisher: Dove Medical Press Ltd
URL: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S554007
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S554007
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