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Exploring Blockchain Interoperability: Frameworks, Use Cases, and Future Challenges

Lookup NU author(s): Kwabena Adu-Duodu, Yinghan Li, Dr Ellis SolaimanORCiD, Professor Raj Ranjan

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Abstract

Blockchain adoption across industries has led to the emergence of multiple independent blockchain platforms, creating challenges for cross-chain data exchange and system interoperability. This paper addresses this challenge by examining interoperability frameworks that enable communication between heterogeneous blockchain networks. We adopt a platform-oriented analysis to study widely used blockchain ecosystems, focusing on the mechanisms they employ for cross-chain communication and asset transfer. To demonstrate practical applicability, we present a conceptual supply chain scenario that illustrates how interoperable architectures enable interactions among multiple blockchain entities. Finally, we identify key open research challenges, including data management, cross-chain query processing, privacy, governance, scalability, and protocol standardisation. The findings highlight both the capabilities and limitations of existing interoperability solutions and outline directions for future research.

Publication metadata

Author(s): Wilson S, Adu-Duodu K, Li Y, Solaiman E, Rana O, Ranjan R

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: Systems

Year: 2026

Volume: 14

Issue: 4

Online publication date: 02/04/2026

Acceptance date: 01/04/2026

Date deposited: 17/04/2026

ISSN (electronic): 2079-8954

Publisher: MDPI AG

URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14040388

DOI: 10.3390/systems14040388

Data Access Statement: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

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