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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Hao Chen, Yiqin Yang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Numerical modelling is important in many fluid dynamics applications, yet robust benchmarking is required to quantify uncertainty. This study presents results from a blind comparative benchmark of isothermal sloshing in a circular tank. Sloshing is relevant to many engineering applications, including offshore shipping, where vessel motions can excite internal fluid motion, generating impact loads and affecting stability. A series of horizontal and vertical excitation cases of increasing complexity are considered. Participant solutions for free surface displacements are compared against physical model data that was withheld until after submission. Across all cases, the numerical models generally capture the dominant frequency. Typical errors are 10–15%, with some participants achieving 2%. For vertical excitation, larger discrepancies occur at the sidewalls, attributed to over-predicted run-up and difficulties in modelling breaking processes. Most submissions employ high-fidelity approaches with moderate spread in the results. In addition, an AI–accelerated approach was submitted, showing promising performance for less severe cases but requiring further development for extreme conditions. The results highlight that current numerical models capture the primary sloshing dynamics, but accurate representation of damping remains a challenge. These test cases provide a long-term benchmark for assessing numerical sloshing models, and are freely available through the CCP-WSI catalogue.
Author(s): Brown SA, Colville SW, Francis V, Zhao T, Lee YC, Cao D, Chen H, Chen J, Chen S, Davidson J, Gong J, Gu H, Khayyer A, Kim D-H, Liu W, Luo M, Lyu R, Ma Q, Ma H, Mahfoze O, Pregnan Johannesen I, Qin Y, Shrestha S, Tabor G, Tan R, Wahbah Makhoul E, Wang D, Wang Y, Wei H, Yan S, Yang K-K, Yang Y, Zeng H, Zhan Y, Zhang N, Greaves DM
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Ocean Engineering
Year: 2026
Volume: 362
Issue: P2
Print publication date: 30/07/2026
Online publication date: 07/06/2026
Acceptance date: 27/05/2026
Date deposited: 24/06/2026
ISSN (print): 0029-8018
ISSN (electronic): 1873-5258
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.126290
DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2026.126290
Data Access Statement: The full physical dataset from the CCP-WSI Blind Test Series 5 is available as a long standing test case for future benchmarking (CCP-WSI Working Group, 2025; Brown et al., 2025). Please note that the original IDs for each case are 2HIBT5 (H1), 3HIBT5 (H2), 4HIBT5 (H3), 1VIBT5 (V1), 2VIBT5 (V2), and 3VIBT5 (V3)
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