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Lookup NU author(s): Professor Moein MoghimiORCiD
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© 2026 Elsevier Ltd. Early studies with liposomes brought awareness to the impact of blood protein binding, notably opsonins and dysopsonins, on modulating vesicular recognition and clearance by phagocytic cells; a conclusion shared with the clearance trend of many other particulate drug delivery systems from the bloodstream. Complement opsonisation is a critical universal defence strategy and beyond promoting phagocytic clearance it can trigger inflammatory and adverse reactions. Complement opsonisation is a dynamic complex, multifactorial and regulated process, not only driven by the pristine characteristics of nanoparticles, but also through non-specific protein deposition, which vary significantly between individuals. The continuum of blood protein adsorption-desorption on nanoparticles raises critical questions on complement activation efficiency, opsonisation dynamics, and immune dysregulation. Here we discuss these issues and examine the underlying mechanisms. A thorough understanding of complement biology is essential for developing safer and more effective nanomedicines.
Author(s): Moghimi SM, Haroon HB, Simberg D
Publication type: Note
Publication status: Published
Journal: Nano Today
Year: 2026
Volume: 70
Print publication date: 01/08/2026
Online publication date: 09/06/2026
Acceptance date: 05/06/2026
ISSN (print): 1748-0132
ISSN (electronic): 1878-044X
Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2026.103101
DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2026.103101
