Browse by author
Lookup NU author(s): Professor Sanjay PandanaboyanaORCiD
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2026 The Author(s). Neurogastroenterology & Motility published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Introduction: Chronic gastroduodenal disorders remain challenging to manage, and new diagnostic approaches are needed to better delineate underlying causes and guide therapeutic decisions. Body Surface Gastric Mapping (BSGM) technologies combine high-resolution gastric myoelectrical activity measurements with symptom and psychological profiling to provide mechanistic insights into gastric motor and sensory dysfunction. An International Working Group convened to derive the first consensus classification of BSGM phenotypes (the “Auckland Classification”). Methods: A Technical Group conducted a systematic literature and clinical database review to identify objective test biomarkers and candidate disease mechanisms. Evidence was synthesized across 50 studies (primarily in gastroparesis, chronic nausea and vomiting, and functional dyspepsia), and BSGM phenotypes were mapped to existing treatment guidelines. Subsequently, iterative review and development of consensus was performed by a Consensus Group composed of international clinical experts familiar with BSGM. Eleven statements underlying the classification were then derived and circulated as a final survey to establish agreement. Results: Six BSGM phenotypes were endorsed: three defined by myoelectrical abnormalities (Dysrhythmic, High Frequency, and Low Meal Response) and three by characteristic symptom associations (Sensorimotor, Continuous, and Delayed Onset Symptoms). Published studies plausibly linked these phenotypes to mechanisms including interstitial cell of Cajal depletion, vagal impairment, hypomotility, visceral hypersensitivity, gut-brain dysregulation, and small bowel dysfunction. Phenotypes were also mapped to existing mechanism-based treatment guidelines. Ten out of the eleven statements had > 80% agreement. Conclusions: The Auckland Classification, derived by international consensus, presents a structured framework for BSGM-defined patient phenotypes. Evidence and mechanism-based treatment options are suggested for each phenotype to provide a foundation for research, further validation, and a pathway for integrating BSGM into clinical care.
Author(s): Varghese C, Dachs N, Schamberg G, Abell T, Al-Haddad M, Angeli-Gordon TR, Ayazi S, Ayubi H, Bashashati M, Bulat R, Calder S, Cederwall CB, Chang B, Cheng L, Clarke J, Daker C, Du P, Erickson J, Eriksson S, Fikree A, Foong D, Fox M, Ghoshal UC, Goenka M, Haidry R, Hasler WL, Hayee B, Ho V, Holtman G, Hobson AR, Huang I-H, Keszthelyi D, Khalsa SS, Koloski N, Kuo B, Kunkel D, Law M, Levinthal D, Liu JJ, Mathur P, Moshiree B, Neshatian L, Ngo C, Nguyen L, Oblizajek NR, Parkman HP, Pandanaboyana S, Podboy A, Rezaie A, Sharma A, Simmonds S, Sivakumar J, Sirimongkolkasem J, Sonu I, Stocker A, Sujka J, Tack J, Verdonk C, Wang XJ, Weinstein D, Windsor J, Wongjarupong N, Xu W, Zarate-Lopez N, Andrews CN, Gharibans AA, O'Grady G
Publication type: Review
Publication status: Published
Journal: Neurogastroenterology and Motility
Year: 2026
Volume: 38
Issue: 7
Online publication date: 01/07/2026
Acceptance date: 27/05/2026
ISSN (print): 1350-1925
ISSN (electronic): 1365-2982
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc
URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.70377
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.70377
Data Access Statement: The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the Supporting Information of this article.
