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Consideration of groundwater is a key element in almost every construction project. The design of deep excavations for basements or underground railway station concourses below the water table require that the water pressures are taken into account. Whilst these can be considered to be hydrostatic in soil, the decreasing permeability of rock with depth and the fact that groundwater flow is invariably along discrete fractures means that the water pressure is unlikely to be hydrostatic at depth. Groundwater control for deep excavations can be achieved by a number of methods such as grouting, pumping or structural walls or a combination of these. For tunnelling projects grouting is extensively used, but the development of sophisticated tunnelling machines has led in many cases to the demise of compressed air as a means of groundwater control. © 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Author(s): Forth RA
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Engineering Geology
Year: 2004
Volume: 72
Issue: 3-4
Pages: 253-260
ISSN (print): 0013-7952
ISSN (electronic): 1872-6917
Publisher: Elsevier BV
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.09.003
DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.09.003
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