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Lookup NU author(s): Dr Naoko Sano, Professor Peter Cumpson
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Conducting this study has demonstrated that not only SEM-EDX but also XPS can be an efficient tool for characterising watercolour paint surfaces. We find that surface effects are mediated by water. Once the powdered components in the watercolour come into contact with water they dramatically transform their chemical structures at the surface and show the presence of pigment components with a random dispersion within the gum layer. Hence the topmost surface of the paint is confirmed as being composed of the gum binder components. This result is difficult to confirm using just one analytical technique (either XPS or SEM-EDX). In addition, peak fitting of C1s XPS spectra suggests that the gum binder in the commercial watercolour paints is probably gum arabic (by comparison with the reference materials). This identification is not conclusive, but the combination techniques of XPS and SEM shows the surface structure with material distribution of the gum binder and the other ingredients of the watercolour paints. Therefore as a unique technique, XPS combined with SEM-EDX may prove a useful method in the study of surface structure for not only watercolour objects but also other art objects; which may in future help in the conservation for art. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Author(s): Sano N, Cumpson PJ
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Applied Surface Science
Year: 2016
Volume: 364
Pages: 870-877
Print publication date: 28/02/2016
Online publication date: 23/12/2015
Acceptance date: 20/12/2015
ISSN (print): 0169-4332
ISSN (electronic): 1873-5584
Publisher: Elsevier
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.12.162
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.12.162
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