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The effect of regular consumption of reformulated breads on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Lookup NU author(s): Emeritus Professor Chris SealORCiD

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND).


Abstract

Bread is a major source of grain-derived carbohydrates worldwide. High intakes of refined grains, low in dietary fiber and high in glycemic index, are linked with increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other chronic diseases. Hence, improvements in the composition of bread could influence population health. This systematic review evaluated the effect of regular consumption of reformulated breads on glycemic control among healthy adults, adults at cardiometabolic risk or with manifest T2DM. A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Eligible studies employed a bread intervention (>2 wk) in adults (healthy, at cardiometabolic risk or manifest T2DM) and reported glycemic outcomes (fasting blood glucose,fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and postprandial glucose responses). Data were pooled using generic inverse variance with random-effects model and presented as mean difference (MD) or standardized MD between treatments with 95% CIs. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 1037 participants). Compared with “regular” or comparator bread, consumption of reformulated intervention breads yielded lower fasting blood glucose concentrations (MD: -0.21 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.38, -0.03; I2 = 88%, moderate certainty of evidence), yet no differences in fasting insulin (MD: -1.59 pmol/L; 95% CI: -5.78, 2.59; I2 = 38%, moderate certainty of evidence), HOMA-IR (MD: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.35, 0.23; I2 = 60%, moderate certainty of evidence), HbA1c (MD: -0.14; 95% CI: -0.39, 0.10; I2 = 56%, very low certainty of evidence), or postprandial glucose response (SMD: -0.46; 95% CI: -1.28, 0.36; I2 = 74%, low certainty of evidence).Subgroup analyses revealed a beneficial effect for fasting blood glucose only among people with T2DM (low certainty of evidence). Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of reformulated breads high in dietary fiber, whole grains, and/or functional ingredients on fasting blood glucose concentrations in adults, primarily among those with T2DM. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020205458.


Publication metadata

Author(s): Schadow AM, Revheim I, Spielau U, Dierkes J, Schwingshackl L, Frank J, Hodgson JM, Moreira-Rosario A, Seal CJ, Buyken AE, Rosendahl-Riise H

Publication type: Article

Publication status: Published

Journal: Advances in Nutrition

Year: 2023

Volume: 14

Issue: 1

Pages: 30-43

Print publication date: 01/01/2023

Online publication date: 17/12/2022

Acceptance date: 28/10/2022

Date deposited: 21/02/2023

ISSN (print): 2161-8313

Publisher: Elsevier

URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.008

DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.008


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Funding

Funder referenceFunder name
EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme

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