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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2025 Rodgers et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction: Although frequently seen in clinical services, there are few interventions which have been developed specifically to meet the needs of pre-school children with co-occurring features of a phonological speech sound disorder (P-SSD) and developmental language disorder (DLD). This study aims to achieve consensus on the core elements of a novel intervention for pre-school children with co-occurring features of P-SSD and DLD (“SWanS”- Supporting Words and Sounds), where expressive vocabulary and speech comprehensibility are joint outcomes of interest. Methods Forty-seven potential core intervention elements, based on a priori findings and the wider literature, were generated by a diverse steering group of professionals and people with lived experience within a systematic co-design process. This was followed by a modified, two round, e-Delphi with expert Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs) to achieve consensus on the elements. Consensus was defined as over 75% of participants (minimum 30 SLTs) rating the elements as either appropriate or very appropriate on a Likert of 1–5, with an inter-quartile range of one or below. If consensus was not achieved in round 1, free text comments were used to generate amended statements for the second round. Results Consensus was achieved on 42/47 statements in round 1. During the revision process, one statement was discarded; six statements which did not achieve consensus were re-worded; two statements which required further clarity had examples added; four statements were merged into two statements. Consensus was reached on 8/8 statements presented in round 2, resulting in 44 final statements achieving consensus in total. Conclusions Core elements of a novel intervention have been identified through co-design with a diverse group of stakeholders followed by consensus with expert SLTs. Additional flexibility was required within some core elements in order to achieve consensus. Implications for future implementation are discussed.
Author(s): Rodgers L, Botting N, Stringer H, Abdo N, Amer-El-Khedoud M, Baker E, Franks S, Harford D, Salimi-Tabar P, Temple L, Herman R
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: PLoS ONE
Year: 2025
Volume: 20
Issue: 6
Online publication date: 18/06/2025
Acceptance date: 22/05/2025
Date deposited: 30/06/2025
ISSN (electronic): 1932-6203
Publisher: Public Library of Science
URL: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0326072
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0326072
Data Access Statement: 1. All relevant data for the steering group co-design process are contained within the Supporting Information files. 2. All raw e-Delphi data are publically available at: Rodgers, Lucy (2024). Anonymised raw data (e-delphi). City, University of London. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25383/city.27623454.v1
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