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Lookup NU author(s): Dr luke Saunders, Dr Yusuf UgurluogluORCiD, Dr Mehmet KulanORCiD, Dr Glynn Atkinson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
© 2026 by the authors. Different topologies for individual stator teeth as modular electric motor components are investigated via several different metrics such as finite element analysis (FEA), winding methodologies, and thermal performance during electrical power loading. These are easily quantifiable metrics which allow for the direct comparison of the different topologies, particularly with respect to the concentrated windings of the copper wire around the stator teeth. The paper assesses temperature rise, heat dissipation, and the role of air gaps within the copper wire windings. The results show that the winding via robot resulted in 30 (±5)% lower temperature rises on average compared to commercial (hairpin) winding systems, due to more ordered winding which results in larger air gaps between the wires. The air gaps appear to play a critical role in the thermal performance of the stator windings. It is also shown that the different topologies affect thermal performance during electrical loading, suggesting that the different topologies could be useful in different applications.
Author(s): Saunders L, Ugurluoglu Y, Kulan MC, Atkinson G
Publication type: Article
Publication status: Published
Journal: Energies
Year: 2026
Volume: 19
Issue: 3
Online publication date: 27/01/2026
Acceptance date: 21/01/2026
Date deposited: 02/03/2026
ISSN (electronic): 1996-1073
Publisher: MDPI
URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030672
DOI: 10.3390/en19030672
Data Access Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
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